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Melaleuca alternifolia

Definicija

Tea tree oil is an essential oil derived from the leaves of the tea tree, Melaleuca alternifolia. It has a fresh, camphoraceous odour.

Melaleuca oil, Melaleucae aetheroleum, Australian tea tree oil, Melaleuca alternifolia oil

Type: Sirovina
Olfactive family: Aromatični
Source: leaves
Chemical class: complex natural (essential oil)

Instrumenti

Piramida

GGornje note

SSrednje note

BBazne note

Zemlje proizvođači

Australija

Miris

The odour is fresh and terpene-like, with nutmeg associations and possibly with citrus or floral undertones. The aroma has been described as "citrus, spicy, terpenic, nutmeg, pine". The scent is milder and less pungent than that of eucalyptus oil.

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Teroar i prerada

Detaljno

Melaleuca alternifolia is a small tree that can grow to about 7 m with a bushy crown and whitish, papery bark. Its leaves are rich in oil, with prominent glands. The tree is endemic to Australia, where it grows along streams and on swampy flats in southeast Queensland and the north coast and adjacent ranges of New South Wales. Unlike several other Melaleuca species, it does not occur naturally outside Australia.

Tea tree oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and terpenes of about 100 components. The International Standard ISO 4730 defines tea tree oil as oil of Melaleuca of the terpinen-4-ol type. Terpinen-4-ol, γ-terpinene and α-terpinene make up about 70% to 90% of the whole oil. Among the phytochemicals in tea tree oil products, terpinen-4-ol is the major component. The levels of 1,8-cineole are usually inversely proportional to the levels of terpinen-4-ol. The oil is only sparingly soluble in water and is miscible with nonpolar solvents. Its composition changes if it is exposed to air and oxidises. The composition may also change considerably during storage, with ρ-cymene levels increasing and α- and γ-terpinene levels declining.

Melaleuca alternifolia is the primary species for commercial production of tea tree oil. Of all the properties claimed for the oil, its antimicrobial activity has received the most attention. Terpinen-4-ol is one of the main antimicrobial components of the oil. Tea tree oil has been used in skin care products and is approved as a complementary medicine for aromatherapy in Australia. It is poisonous if consumed by mouth.

Today there are plantations in Western Australia, Queensland and New South Wales, though most are in New South Wales around the Lismore region. Typically, plantations are established from seedlings sown and raised in greenhouses before being planted out in the field at high density.

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Related: Desert Sagebrush · Eucalyptus

Istorija

The Bundjalung Aborigines of northern New South Wales inhaled crushed tea tree leaves to treat coughs and colds, or sprinkled them on wounds and then applied a poultice. Tea tree leaves were also soaked to make an infusion to treat sore throats or skin ailments.

The name "tea tree" probably originated from Captain James Cook's description of one of these shrubs, which he used to make an infusion to drink in place of tea. The species was first formally described in 1905 by Joseph Maiden and Ernst Betche as Melaleuca linariifolia var. alternifolia. In 1925, Edwin Cheel raised the variety to species status as Melaleuca alternifolia.

The commercial tea tree oil industry originated in the 1920s, when Australian chemist Arthur Penfold investigated the business potential of a number of native extracted oils. He reported that tea tree oil had promise, as it exhibited antiseptic properties. The oil itself, as opposed to the unextracted plant material, did not come into common use until Penfold published the first reports of its antimicrobial activity in a series of papers in the 1920s and 1930s. In the early industry the plant material was hand cut and often distilled on the spot in makeshift, mobile, wood-fired bush stills.

During World War II the Australian government considered tea tree oil essential for the first aid kits of its armed forces. After the war, increased use of pharmaceutical antibiotics decreased tea tree oil's appeal everywhere except in Australia. The oil began to regain popularity in 1960, when research on it revived around the world.

In the 1970s and 1980s, commercial plantations began to produce large quantities of tea tree oil from M. alternifolia.

Zanimljivosti

The oral history of Australian Aborigines tells of healing lakes, which were lagoons into which Melaleuca alternifolia leaves had fallen and decayed over time.

Dobijanje i hemija

Način dobijanja

Tea tree oil is produced by steam distillation of the leaves and terminal branches of Melaleuca alternifolia. Once condensed, the clear to pale yellow oil is separated from the aqueous distillate. The yield of oil is typically 1 to 2% of wet plant material weight. Harvesting is by a coppicing process in which the whole plant is cut off close to ground level and chipped into smaller fragments prior to oil extraction. Alternative extraction methods such as the use of microwave technology have been considered, but none has been utilized on a commercial scale.

Formula: Complex natural mixture (key constituents: terpinen-4-ol C₁₀H₁₈O; γ-terpinene C₁₀H₁₆; α-terpinene C₁₀H₁₆)
CAS: 68647-73-4
Botanički naziv: Melaleuca alternifolia
Izgled: Colorless to pale-yellow, clear, mobile liquid
Sinonimi: Melaleuca oil, Melaleucae aetheroleum, Australian tea tree oil, Melaleuca alternifolia oil

Status prema standardima IFRA

Pogledajte napomenu

No IFRA Standard for the material itself (51st Amendment)

Fizička svojstva

Relativna gustina: 0.885 to 0.906 (relative density)
Indeks prelamanja: 1.4760 to 1.4810 @ 20 °C

U parfemima

Tea tree oil is used as a flavoring and antiseptic agent in personal hygiene items such as toothpaste, and as a cosmeceutical. The industry's own description lists healthcare, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, veterinary and industrial products as the oil's markets.

Uloga u formuli

01modifikator

02nota potpisa

03sredstvo za podizanje

04sirovina za stapanje

05naturalizator

06graditelj volumena

Oblici na tržištu

eterično ulje

Pogledajte i

7 nota

Smilje aromatičan · med · biljni Paprika šišito zelen · začinski · vegetabilan Ruzmarin aromatičan · biljni · kamforni Žalfija aromatičan · biljni · ambrast Bosiljak aromatičan · zelen · biljni Lovorov list drvenast · zelen · svež Pustinjski pelin aromatičan · suv · drvenast

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