Alfa-pinen

PrirodnaZELENE NOTE, BILJE I FUŽERIborov · svež · biljni
Gornje notePiramida
4/5Jačina
—Trajnost
·Poreklo
Uzorak
Alfa-pinen kao sirovina za parfeme
Gornje note
Found in Pinus spp., Picea spp., Rosmarinus officinalis
Definicija

Alpha-pinene is an organic compound of the terpene class and one of the two isomers of pinene, a collection of unsaturated bicyclic monoterpenes. Its odour is characteristic of pine and is also described as the odour of turpentine.

ZELEN SVEŽ BILJNI DRVENAST
α-pinene, 2-pinene, pin-2(3)-ene, acintene A
Type
Sirovina
Olfactive family
Aromatični
Source
oils of coniferous trees, turpentine
Chemical class
bicyclic monoterpene
Instrumenti
Piramida
GGornje note
SSrednje note
BBazne note
4/5Jačina
Visoka
jačina mirisa
Zemlje proizvođači
Kina, Portugalija, Indonezija, Brazil, SAD, Španija, Meksiko, Francuska, Indija, Malezija, Rusija, Poljska, Honduras

Miris

The odour is woody, piney and turpentine-like, with a slight cooling camphoraceous nuance and a fresh herbal lift. The aroma is also described as warm, resinous and pine-like. The characteristic odour is that of pine, and another description gives the odour of turpentine. The odour type is herbal.

Detaljno

Alpha-pinene is one of the two isomers of pinene, the other being beta-pinene. It is an alkene that contains a strained four-membered ring. Both enantiomers are known in nature; the (-)-form is more common in European pines, whereas the (+)-form is more common in North America. Alpha-pinene is the most widely encountered terpenoid in nature.

It is found in the oils of many species of coniferous trees, notably Pinus and Picea species. It is also found in the essential oil of rosemary. The racemic mixture of the enantiomers is present in some oils such as eucalyptus oil and orange peel oil. Pinene is a major component of the essential oils of ironwort (Sideritis) and sage (Salvia). Essential oils of other citrus fruits like oranges and lemons also include racemic mixtures of alpha- and beta-pinene. Resin from Pistacia terebinthus, commonly known as terebinth or turpentine tree, is rich in pinene.

The four-membered ring next to the alkene gives the compound its reactivity, and it is prone to skeletal rearrangements such as the Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement. Acids typically lead to rearranged products. With concentrated sulfuric acid and ethanol the major products are terpineol and its ethyl ether, while glacial acetic acid gives the corresponding acetate. Under aerobic oxidation conditions, the main oxidation products are pinene oxide, verbenyl hydroperoxide, verbenol and verbenone. Oxidized material has a rosin-like odour. Beta-pinene can be converted to alpha-pinene in the presence of strong bases. Alpha-pinene is less dense than water, and its solubility in water is very low. It is miscible with ethanol and acetone.

Monoterpenes, of which α-pinene is one of the principal species, are emitted in substantial amounts by vegetation, and these emissions are affected by temperature and light intensity. In the atmosphere alpha-pinene reacts with ozone, the hydroxyl radical or the NO3 radical, leading to low-volatility species which partly condense on existing aerosols, thereby generating secondary organic aerosols.

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Related: Angelica · Angelica Root · Angelica Root Oil · Artemisia · Barrenwort · Beachheather · Behini Tree · Beta Pinene

Zanimljivosti

Alpha-pinene accounts for about half of monoterpene emissions. It is also highly repellent to insects. Pinene dimers have heating values comparable to the jet fuel JP-10. Researchers have produced pinene synthetically with a bacterium.

Dobijanje i hemija

Način dobijanja

Pinenes, especially alpha-pinene, are the primary constituents of turpentine. Turpentine is a fluid obtainable by the distillation of resin harvested from living trees, mainly pines. Crude turpentine collected from the trees may be steam distilled in a copper still, which leaves molten rosin in the still bottoms. Nowadays, turpentine is rarely the product of distillation of pine resin, but is a byproduct of pulping. The kraft process gives a pinene-rich product, whereas the sulfite process gives a product that is rich in cymene. Sulfate turpentine may be condensed from the gas generated in kraft process pulp digesters. The pinenes of turpentine are separated and purified by distillation. Important pines for turpentine production include maritime pine (Pinus pinaster), Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) and longleaf pine (Pinus palustris).

Formula
C₁₀H₁₆
CAS
80-56-8
Botanički naziv
Found in Pinus spp., Picea spp., Rosmarinus officinalis
Izgled
Clear colorless liquid
Jačina mirisa
Visok
Sinonimi
α-pinene, 2-pinene, pin-2(3)-ene, acintene A
Status prema standardima IFRA
Pogledajte napomenu

No IFRA Standard for the material itself (51st Amendment)

Fizička svojstva
Tačka ključanja
155.00 to 156.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Tačka topljenja
-64.00 to -62.00 °C.
Tačka paljenja
90.00 °F. TCC
Relativna gustina
0.85300 to 0.86100 @ 25.00 °C
Indeks prelamanja
1.46300 to 1.46700 @ 20.00 °C

U parfemima

Commercially important derivatives of α-pinene are linalool, geraniol, nerol, α-terpineol, and camphene. Commercially used camphor, linalool, alpha-terpineol, and geraniol are all usually produced from alpha-pinene and beta-pinene, which are two of the chief chemical components of turpentine. Alpha-pinene, which is readily obtainable from natural sources, is converted to citronellal and camphor.

Uloga u formuli
01podizanje gornjih nota
02svežina
03modifikator
Oblici na tržištu
liquid isolate from turpentine

Pogledajte i

8 nota
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