Da li je Citrusi prirodna ili sintetička sirovina?

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Citrusi

CITRUSNI MIRISIcitrusni · svež · živahan

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Citrusi kao sirovina za parfeme — Gornje note

Citrus (family Rutaceae); kumquats and Clymenia species are now generally considered to belong within the genus.

Definicija

Citruses, or citrus essential oils, are usually aromatic compounds found in oil glands in the flowers, leaves and fruit peels of citrus plants, and most are extracted from the fruit peel. Their major component is d-limonene.

CITRUSNI REZAK SVEŽ SLADAK GORAK AROMATIČAN

citrus oils, citrus essential oils

Type: Mirisna porodica
Olfactive family: Citrusni
Source: Oil glands in the peel of citrus fruit
Chemical class: Essential oils rich in monoterpene hydrocarbons (mainly limonene)

Instrumenti

Piramida

GGornje note

SSrednje note

BBazne note

Zemlje proizvođači

Italija (Kalabrija: bergamot; Sicilija: limun, cedrat), Brazil (slatka pomorandža, najveći proizvođač na svetu), SAD (Florida, Kalifornija), Španija (Valensija), Argentina, Kina, Meksiko, Japan (juzu, Koči), Jugoistočna Azija.

Miris

d-Limonene has a citrus, orange, fresh, sweet, peely aroma. The less common l-limonene has a piny, turpentine-like odor and is found in the edible parts of plants such as caraway, dill and bergamot orange. Citral has a strong lemon scent; used to fortify lemon oil, it presents as sharp, lemon, sweet, fresh, juicy, lemon peel, tart and green. Linalool has an odour similar to that of bergamot oil and French lavender, and a typical floral odour free from camphoraceous and terpenic notes.

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Detaljno

The plants of the genus Citrus produce citrus fruits such as citrons, mandarins and pomelos. Many important citrus crops, including oranges, lemons, grapefruits and limes, have been developed through extensive hybridization. Three ancestral species of the genus, the mandarin, the pomelo and the citron, are associated with modern cultivars. Citrus essential oils are usually aromatic compounds found in oil glands present in the flowers, leaves and fruit peels.

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Chemistry

Citrus essential oils contain 85-99% volatile and 1-15% non-volatile components. Citrus essential oil is a complex mixture of about 400 volatile and semi-volatile compounds. In all the reported orange species, the volatile constituents contain large amounts of monoterpene hydrocarbons (70-95%). Limonene can be found in quantities ranging from 32% to 98%. Limonene is a cyclic monoterpene, and d-limonene is its (R)-enantiomer, which occurs more commonly in nature in citrus fruit peels. Citral is a collective term for two geometric isomers, geranial and neral, which occur as a mixture. Citral makes up 6-9% of the volatile oil of lime and 2-5% of that of lemon. Limonene and pinene are relatively unstable and decompose when exposed to heat and light, and they are removed from the oil to enhance the life of the products.

Phototoxicity and IFRA

Bergapten (5-methoxypsoralen) appears to be the primary phototoxic compound responsible for Citrus-induced phytophotodermatitis. Various Citrus species contain significant amounts of bergapten, especially bergamot orange, micrantha and certain varieties of lime and bitter orange. In several patch test studies, some sources of bergamot oil applied directly to the skin of guinea pigs had a concentration-dependent phototoxic effect, increasing redness after exposure to ultraviolet light. This property is shared by many other citrus fruits and other members of Rutaceae. The IFRA Standard on citrus oils is set because of their phototoxic effects. It recommends restrictions for several furocoumarin-containing oils, among them expressed bergamot, expressed bitter orange, expressed grapefruit, cold-pressed lemon and expressed lime oils. Petitgrain mandarin oil and cold-pressed tangerine oil contain small amounts of phototoxic furocoumarins, with typical levels of 50 ppm; these levels are not high enough to require special restrictions if used alone.

Classification

In Michael Edwards's fragrance wheel, citrus is a subfamily of the Fresh family, with bergamot and citrus oils given as examples.

Istorija

A DNA study published in Nature in 2018 concludes that the genus Citrus evolved in the foothills of the Himalayas, in the area of Assam, western Yunnan and northern Myanmar. The citron was introduced early into the Mediterranean basin from India and Southeast Asia. The earliest evidence is seeds recovered from the Hala Sultan Tekke site of Cyprus, dated to around 1200 BCE. Lemons, pomelos and sour oranges were introduced to the Mediterranean by Arab traders around the 10th century CE. Sweet oranges were brought to Europe by the Genoese and Portuguese from Asia during the 15th to 16th century. Mandarins were not introduced until the 19th century. In cooler parts of Europe, citrus fruit was grown in orangeries starting in the 17th century.

In 1834, Kalbrunner isolated 5-methoxypsoralen from bergamot essential oil, hence the name bergapten. It was the first furanocoumarin to be isolated and identified. The original Eau de Cologne, a spirit-citrus perfume, was launched in Cologne in 1709 by Giovanni Maria Farina, an Italian perfume maker. In 1708, Farina wrote to his brother that he had found a fragrance that reminded him of an Italian spring morning, of mountain daffodils and orange blossoms after the rain. He named his fragrance Eau de Cologne in honour of his new hometown. Counterfeits of the perfume only appeared at the end of the 18th century.

Zanimljivosti

A single vial of Farina's aqua mirabilis cost half the annual salary of a civil servant. Eau de Cologne was once believed to protect against bubonic plague: by drinking the cologne, the citrus oil scent would exude through the pores, repelling fleas.

Dobijanje i hemija

Način dobijanja

Citrus essential oils are released when oil sacs are crushed during juice extraction or under pressure during cold pressing of the peel waste. Cold pressing yields a watery emulsion, which is centrifuged to recover the essential oils. Distillation is another way to extract the oils, but oils obtained by distillation have been observed to deteriorate easily and develop off-odor because of the instability of terpene hydrocarbons such as d-limonene. Supercritical fluid extraction with carbon dioxide is an emerging technique that can be done at ambient temperatures in the absence of harmful organic solvents. In peel oils of Valencia orange, Ponkan and Eureka lemon, oil yields ranged from 0.37 to 0.62%, and hydrodistillation gave higher yields than cold pressing for all three species. The extraction method has an obvious effect on the proportion of terpenes and oxygenated compounds in the oils, especially for Eureka lemon oils. One hundred bergamot oranges yield about 3 ounces (85 g) of bergamot oil.

Botanički naziv: Citrus (family Rutaceae); kumquats and Clymenia species are now generally considered to belong within the genus.
Sinonimi: citrus oils, citrus essential oils

Fizička svojstva

Nota: Complex mixture of about 400 volatile and semi-volatile compounds.

U parfemima

Bergamot extracts have been used as an aromatic ingredient in food, tea, snus, perfumes and cosmetics. An essence extracted from the aromatic skin of bergamot flavours Earl Grey and Lady Grey teas and confectionery. Citral has a strong lemon scent and is used as an aroma compound in perfumery, where it fortifies lemon oil. d-Limonene is used as a flavoring agent in food manufacturing. The characteristic flavor of citrus oils is mainly due to linalool, citral and linalyl acetate. Many countries in the Asia-Pacific region have a high demand for citrus essential oils because of their use in various food and beverages, cosmetic preparations and therapeutics. In a base of dilute ethanol (70-90%), eau de cologne contains a mixture of citrus oils, including oils of lemon, orange, tangerine, clementine, bergamot, lime, grapefruit, blood orange and bitter orange. A cologne is usually refreshingly light, unisex, with a citrus-based head note.

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