Monarda

PrirodnaZELENE NOTE, BILJE I FUŽERIbiljni · aromatičan · začinski

Srednje notePiramida

—Jačina

—Trajnost

3Poreklo

Uzorak

Monarda kao sirovina za parfeme — Srednje note

Monarda L. (type species Monarda fistulosa L.)

Definicija

Monarda is a genus of flowering plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae, endemic to North America. The crushed leaves of all species exude a spicy, fragrant essential oil.

Bee balm, bergamot, horsemint, Oswego tea

Type: Sirovina
Olfactive family: Biljni
Source: leaves and flowers
Chemical class: essential oil rich in phenolic monoterpenoids

Instrumenti

Piramida

GGornje note

SSrednje note

BBazne note

Zemlje proizvođači

Sjedinjene Američke Države Italija Indija

Miris

The leaves of Monarda didyma are minty fragrant when crushed. The plant's odor is similar to that of the bergamot orange. The crushed leaves of Monarda citriodora emit an odor reminiscent of lemons. This odor is sometimes described as more resembling oregano, especially late in the season.

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Teroar i prerada

Detaljno

Common names of the genus include bergamot, bee balm, horsemint and Oswego tea; the first is inspired by the fragrance of the leaves, which is reminiscent of bergamot orange. Wild bergamot (Monarda fistulosa) has no relation to the true bergamot, a citrus fruit. Monarda species include annual and perennial herbaceous plants.

The composition of Monarda didyma essential oil varies between chemotypes and growing conditions. Monarda fistulosa shows at least three chemotypes: carvacrol-rich, thymol-rich and geraniol-rich. In oils of Monarda citriodora, M. fistulosa and M. punctata from south Alabama, thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene and their derivatives were the primary terpenoid components. In two Monarda fistulosa samples from south Alabama, thymol dominated the oil at 54.3% and 62.2%. In a third Monarda fistulosa sample from south Alabama, thymoquinone was the most abundant constituent, at 41.3%, followed by p-cymene at 21.9%. In another analysis, Monarda fistulosa oil contained p-cymene (32.5%), carvacrol (24.0%) and thymol (12.6%), among other compounds. At least one population of Monarda fistulosa in Colorado also contains linalool.

Monarda didyma oil from cultivated plants in central Italy contained thymol (59.3%), p-cymene (10.3%) and terpinolene (9.2%) as its major compounds. Another Monarda didyma oil, from plants grown in Urbino, Italy, held carvacrol (16.7%), p-cymene (16.0%) and thymol (10.5%) among its most abundant quantified compounds. The essential oil of lemon beebalm (Monarda citriodora) contains citronellol.

Monarda didyma is native to eastern North America from Maine west to Ontario and Michigan, and south to northern Georgia. Monarda fistulosa ranges from Quebec to the Northwest Territories and British Columbia, and south to Georgia, Texas, Arizona, Idaho and northeastern Washington. Monarda citriodora is native to the southern United States and northern Mexico.

Bee balm is a natural source of the antiseptic compound thymol. Bee balm was traditionally used by Native Americans as a seasoning for wild game, particularly birds. The leaves and flowers of Monarda didyma are used to prepare herbal tea and syrups. Fresh leaves and flowers of Monarda didyma are also used to flavor salads.

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Zanimljivosti

The Native Americans of Oswego, New York, made the leaves of Monarda didyma into a tea, which gave the plant one of its common names. After the Boston Tea Party of 1773 and the boycott of imported tea, colonists used the leaves as a tea substitute.

Dobijanje i hemija

Način dobijanja

Steam distillation is required to obtain the essential oils of wild bergamot. The leaves and flowers are harvested in the second year, when they are in 80 to 90 percent full bloom. The plant can be swathed or cut by hand and is dried on racks in a warm shaded area for two to three days. Monarda didyma plant material from central Italy was steam distilled in a Clevenger-type apparatus for 3 hours, at a yield of 2.61 mL per kg dry weight. In south Alabama, hydrodistillation of Monarda fistulosa aerial parts gave oil yields of 2.66-4.83%.

Botanički naziv: Monarda L. (type species Monarda fistulosa L.)
Sinonimi: Bee balm, bergamot, horsemint, Oswego tea

Status prema standardima IFRA

Pogledajte napomenu

No IFRA Standard for the material itself (51st Amendment)

U parfemima

The essential oil of wild bergamot (Monarda fistulosa) is used as a fragrance in perfume and soaps. Monarda didyma oil, the essential oil from the leaves of the balm, is used in cosmetic formulations. In flavouring, lemon beebalm (Monarda citriodora) is used in cakes, cheesecakes, sauces and pies. It is also used sometimes in wines and liqueurs, and it can flavour seafood and meat dishes such as crab and chicken.

Uloga u formuli

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03nota potpisa

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