Ефірна олія гальбануму

Galbanum is an aromatic gum resin from certain umbelliferous Persian plant species of the genus Ferula, chiefly Ferula gummosa (synonym F. galbaniflua) and Ferula rubricaulis. Ferula gummosa is a perennial herb of the family Apiaceae, native to Iran and Turkmenistan. Plants that yield galbanum grow abundantly on the slopes of the mountain ranges of northern Iran. Ferula is a genus of about 220 species of flowering plants in the family Apiaceae, native to the Mediterranean region east to central Asia.

Galbanum oil and galbanum resinoid are produced from the gum-like exudate of Ferula gummosa, which grows in northern Iran, and of Ferula rubricaulis, which grows in southern Iran. The annual yield of gum is about 50 t. Two types are distinguished commercially: soft Levant galbanum and hard Persian galbanum. The gum resin usually comes as hard or soft, irregular lumps, or occasionally as separate tears, in light-brown, yellowish or greenish-yellow shades.

The gum resin contains about 8% terpenes, about 65% of a resin that contains sulfur and about 20% gum. The gum resin also contains a very small quantity of the colorless crystalline substance umbelliferone. Galbanum also contains α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, cadinene, 3-carene and ocimene. Galbanum oil contains 75% monoterpene hydrocarbons (α-pinene 5-21%, β-pinene 40-70%, 3-carene 2-16%) and about 10% sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. It also contains a fairly large number of terpene and sesquiterpene alcohols and their acetates. Minor components of entirely different structure, which have low odor threshold values, contribute strongly to the characteristic odor.

Galbanum resinoid is produced by extracting the gum with a nonpolar solvent. The solvent-free resinoid is a dark-amber viscous liquid whose odour is characteristic and balsamic. Galbanum absolute is a brown viscous liquid, obtained by solvent extraction from the gum oleo-resin, that easily resinifies over time even with minimal exposure to air. Galbanum is frequently adulterated with pine oil.

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