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The plant

Crataegus species are shrubs or small trees, mostly growing to 5-15 m (15-50 ft) tall, with small fruit and (usually) thorny branches. They are native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in Europe, Asia, North Africa and North America. The number of species depends on taxonomic interpretation, and a reasonable number is estimated to be 200.

Flowers are five-petalled and grow in flat-topped clusters and are most typically white, although they can also be pale pink or occasionally scarlet. The name "hawthorn" was originally applied to the species native to northern Europe, especially the common hawthorn C. monogyna. The flowers of C. monogyna are moderately fragrant.

Chemistry

4-Anisaldehyde, or p-anisaldehyde, is an organic compound whose molecule consists of a benzene ring with a formyl and a methoxy group. Forty-seven volatile compounds were identified in the extracts of the common hawthorn flowers. The principal constituents were spathulenol (22.76%), cis-pinocamphone (19.86%), E-caryophyllene (6.87%), 1.8-cineole (4.52%), caryophyllene oxide (4.17%), and isomenthone (3.17%).

Regulation

The IFRA Standard on p-methoxybenzaldehyde (Amendment 51) sets a maximum of 1.4 % in finished products of Category 4.

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