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Srednje note
Fantazijska/konceptualna
Definicija

Nutty notes cover smells such as the hazelnut aroma of filbertone and the almond-like odor of benzaldehyde.

ZEMLJAN SLADAK TOPAO KREMAST ORAŠAST PRŽEN
Type
Akord
Olfactive family
Voćni
Source
Hazelnuts (filbertone), bitter almonds (benzaldehyde), baked and roasted foods (alkylpyrazines)
Chemical class
Enones (filbertone), aromatic aldehydes (benzaldehyde), alkylpyrazines
Instrumenti
Piramida
GGornje note
SSrednje note
BBazne note

Miris

The racemate of filbertone is described as hazelnut and nutty. The (+)-(E,S) enantiomer is described as hazelnut, metallic, fatty and nutty. The (-)-(E,R) enantiomer is described as hazelnut, soft, buttery, chocolate, metallic and nutty.

3-Methyl-4-heptanone elicits the weak nutty aroma of raw hazelnuts. A pattern of filbertone, two pyrroline compounds and three alkylpyrazines gives a nutty, roasty aroma. 2,3-Diethyl-5-methylpyrazine is musty and nutty.

Benzaldehyde has a characteristic odor similar to that of bitter almonds and cherry. Pyrazine is described as having a pungent, sweet, corn-like, nutty odour.

Detaljno

Hazelnut aroma

The hazelnut is the fruit of the hazel tree and includes nuts from species of the genus Corylus, especially Corylus avellana. Filbertone is the principal flavor compound of hazelnuts and is also found in hazelnut oil. Its formula is C₈H₁₄O, and its IUPAC name is (E,5S)-5-methylhept-2-en-4-one. The natural compound is a mixture of both enantiomers, and its composition can vary depending on the source.

Filbertone is not the only molecule responsible for the smell of hazelnuts. A paper of 2010 on Italian hazelnuts identified 37 odour-active compounds in the raw nuts, and 46 aroma-active compounds were detected in roasted nuts. Important ones in the raw nuts include three substituted pyrazines, especially 2-methoxy-3-isopropylpyrazine and 2-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyrazine.

Roasted notes

Dry thermally processed foods such as roasted, deep-fried and baked ones share many volatile traits through the Maillard reaction, which occurs between reducing sugars and amino acids. In two commercial hazelnut oils, the roasted one held about 50-fold more filbertone than the unroasted one. Alkylpyrazines are among the aroma compounds of baked and roasted goods and have low odor thresholds for humans, for example 0.007-0.018 μg L-1 in water.

Almond note

Benzaldehyde (C₆H₅CHO) is an organic compound consisting of a benzene ring with a formyl substituent. Benzaldehyde and similar chemicals occur naturally in many foods. Benzaldehyde is a colorless liquid. Synthetic benzaldehyde gives imitation almond extract its flavour, and the extract is used in cakes and other baked goods.

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Related: Acetophenone · Almond · Benzaldehyde · Black Walnut · Brazil Nut · Breadnut · Candlenut · Cashew

Zanimljivosti

Filberts are linked with St Philibert, a 7th-century monk whose feast day, August 20th, coincides with the nutting season. Because filbertone is found in hazelnut oil, its presence can be used to detect the adulteration of olive oil with less expensive hazelnut oil.

Dobijanje i hemija

Način dobijanja

Most of the filbertone in hazelnuts forms during heat treatment, from a precursor that is still unknown. Pan frying raw hazelnuts for 9 to 15 minutes, or boiling the crushed nuts in water for 1 hour, raised its level by factors of 600 and 800 respectively. In the original laboratory synthesis, (+)-(E,5S)-filbertone was prepared starting from (S)-(-)-2-methylbutan-1-ol. In bitter almonds, the enzyme emulsin acts in the presence of water on the glucosides amygdalin and prunasin and yields glucose, cyanide and the essential oil of bitter almonds, which is nearly pure benzaldehyde. Synthetic benzaldehyde is primarily produced by liquid phase chlorination and oxidation of toluene. Natural benzaldehyde is produced from cinnamaldehyde obtained from cassia oil by a retro-aldol reaction.

Formula
Complex natural mixture (key constituents: filbertone C₈H₁₄O; benzaldehyde C₇H₆O)
Status prema standardima IFRA
Pogledajte napomenu

No IFRA Standard for the material itself (51st Amendment)

Fizička svojstva
Tačka ključanja
178.1 °C (benzaldehyde)

U parfemima

Filbertone is used in perfumery and is designated as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for use in food products. Bitter almond oil, which contains benzaldehyde, is used as a food flavouring and in perfume.

Uloga u formuli
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02graditelj volumena
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