Зелений ладан сакра: натуральний чи синтетичний матеріал?

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Зелений ладан сакра

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Boswellia sacra

Визначення

Olibanum, also called frankincense, is the oleogum resin harvested from several different trees of the genus Boswellia. The oil of frankincense is described as terpenic, pine, resinous and green.

ДЕРЕВНИЙ КВІТКОВИЙ ЦИТРУСОВИЙ ЗЕЛЕНИЙ СОЛОДКИЙ БАЛЬЗАМІЧНИЙ АМБРОВИЙ ТЕПЛИЙ

Frankincense, olibanum

Type: Складник
Olfactive family: Смолисті
Source: resin
Chemical class: natural oleo-gum resin

Інструменти

Піраміда

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Країни-виробники

Оман Сомалі Ємен

Запах

The smell of frankincense oil is described as terpenic, incense, peppery, spicy, old wood, woody, pine, resinous and green. Top-grade Royal or Hojari resin has a bright, citrus-lime, almost sweet aroma. Najdi resin smells resinous, deeper and smoky. Boswellia sacra from Dhofar tends to smell brighter and more citrusy than Somali or Indian resin.

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Докладно

What it is

Frankincense is obtained from trees of the genus Boswellia in the family Burseraceae, and several species yield it, among them Boswellia sacra, B. frereana, B. serrata and B. papyrifera. Boswellia sacra, also known as Boswellia carteri, is commonly called the frankincense tree or the olibanum tree. Boswellia sacra is a small deciduous tree that grows to a height of 2 to 8 m, with one or more trunks.

Name

The word frankincense comes from the Old French franc encens, meaning high-quality incense.

Origin

The tree is native to Oman and Yemen in the south of the Arabian Peninsula, and to Somalia and Ethiopia in the Horn of Africa. In Oman it is abundant in arid woodland on the steep escarpment slopes in the mountains of Dhofar. It often grows on rocky slopes and ravines, mostly in calcareous soil.

Grades of Omani resin

Omani resin is commercially available under the local names Houjri, Najdi, and Sahli or Shaebi, based on the different places in Dhofar where it is harvested. Houjri, the first grade, has the lightest colour and a larger clump size, and is the most expensive. Najdi has a pale yellow colour and is collected from the plateau behind the Dhofar mountains. Sahli or Shaebi has a darker colour, is collected from the valleys and is the cheaper one. The quality of frankincense is measured by purity, with white usually the purest; as the colour grows darker, quality and price fall.

Chemistry

The essential oil of frankincense is mainly monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, such as alpha-pinene, limonene and beta-pinene. Alpha-pinene was the major compound, and found in high concentrations, in all grades of Omani frankincense. In the Grade 1 oil of the Najdi cultivar, alpha-pinene reached 79.59%, followed by delta-3-carene at 9.94%. Steam-distilled frankincense oils do not contain the boswellic acids, which are insufficiently volatile, although these may be present in solvent extractions. The ingredients of frankincense may depend on many factors, such as location, climate, time of harvest and other environmental conditions.

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Цікавий факт

Boswellia sacra trees in the narrow fog-laden zone where the desert meets the Dhofar mountain range grow extremely slowly and produce very high quality resin in large, white clumps. During the khareef, the southeastern monsoon that affects Dhofar from about June to early September, the Dhofar Mountains around Salalah and Al-Hawf are rainsoaked and shrouded in fog.

Отримання й хімія

Спосіб отримання

The trees start producing resin when they are about 8 to 10 years old. The resin is extracted by making a small, shallow incision on the trunk or branches of the tree or by removing a portion of its crust. The resin drains as a milky substance that coagulates in contact with air and is collected by hand. Tapping is done two to three times per year, and the final taps give the best tears because of their higher aromatic terpene, sesquiterpene and diterpene content. The essential oil of frankincense is produced by steam distillation of the tree resin. In a study of three Boswellia sacra cultivars, three successive hydrodistillations of 2, 4 and 6 hours gave oils called Grade 1, Grade 2 and Grade 3. The oils from the oleogum resin were obtained in yields of 8.92 to 12% (w/w) in Grade 1. Longer hydrodistillation reduced the monoterpenes and increased the share of sesquiterpenes.

Формула: Complex natural mixture (key constituents: alpha-pinene; limonene; beta-pinene)
Ботанічна назва: Boswellia sacra
Зовнішній вигляд: Pale, near-white or light green, large clean tears (top Hojari grade)
Синоніми: Frankincense, olibanum

Статус IFRA

Див. примітку

No IFRA Standard for the material itself (51st Amendment)

Фізичні властивості

Температура кипіння: 137.00 to 141.00 °C at 760 mm Hg (frankincense oil)

У парфумерії

Olibanum is an aromatic resin used in incense and perfume. In recent years it has been important in the preparation of cosmetics and perfumes. Frankincense is often prepared inside a censer, such as the meerschaum dabqaad traditionally used in the Horn of Africa. The aroma of the resin changes once it is burned.

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